fc  </,  Vi±2/<. 


Technical  Series,  No.  23. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREIAU    OF    ENTOMOLOG-Y. 
L.  0.  HOWARD,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS. 


CONTENTS    AND   INDEX. 


Jssued  June  22.  1915. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1915. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/mispapOOunit 


Technical  Series,  No.  23. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BXJRE^XJ    OW    ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.  HOWARD,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS. 


I.  SOME  NEW  CALIFORNIA  AND  GEORGIA  THYSANOPTERA. 

By  PAUL  R.  JONES,  Entomological  Assistant,  Deciduous  Fruit 
Insect  Investigations. 


II.  AN  INTERNAL  PARASITE  OF  THYSANOPTERA. 

By  H.  M.  RUSSELL,  Entomological  Assistant. 


Issued  June  22,  1915. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1915. 


B  UREA  U  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

L.  0.  Howard,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau . 
C.  L.  Marlatt,  Entomologist  and  Acting  Chief  in  Absence  of  Chief . 
E.  B.  O'Leary,  Chief  Clerk  and  Executive  Assistant. 

F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  truck  crop  and  stored  product  insect  investigations. 

A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  of  forest  insect  investigations. 

W.  D.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  southern  field  crop  insect  investigations. 

F.  M.  Webster,  in  charge  of  cereal  and  forage  insect  investigations. 

A.  L.  Quaintance,  in  charge  of  deciduous  fruit  insect  investigations. 

E.  F.  Phillips,  in  charge  of  bee  culture. 

A.  F.  Burgess,  in  charge  of  gipsy  moth  and  brown-tail  moth  investigations. 

Rolla  P.  Currie,  in  charge  of  editorial  work. 

Mabel  Colcord.  in  charge  of  library. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Some  new  California  and  Georgia  Thysanoptera Paul  R.  Jones. .  1 

Introduction 1 

Genus  Molothrips 1 

Key  to  the  species 1 

Description  of  new  species 2 

Molothrips  nasturtii 2 

Genus  Thrips 3 

Key  to  the  species [ 3 

Description  of  new  species 4 

Thrips  femoralis 4 

Genus  Sericothrips 5 

Key  to  the  species 5 

Description  of  new  forms  and  species 6 

Sericothrips  apteris  Daniel,  male 6 

Sericothrips  albus 6 

Sericothrips  moultoni 7 

Genus  Limothrips 8 

Key  to  the  species 8 

Description  of  new  species 8 

Limothrips  setarise 8 

Genus  Euthrips 10 

Key  to  the  species 10 

Description  of  new  forms  and  species 12 

Euthrips  ehrhornii  Moulton,  male,  brachypterous  female 12 

Euthrips  longirostrum 12 

Euthrips  costalis 13 

Genus  Anaphothrips 14 

Key  to  the  species 14 

Description  of  new  forms  and  species 15 

Anaphothrips  zex  Moulton,  brachypterous  female,  male 15 

Anaphothrips  albus 16 

Genus  Anthothrips 17 

Key  to  the  species " 17 

Description  of  new  species 17 

Anthothrips  nigricornis 17 

Anthothrips  Jlavipes 18 

Genus  Cryptothrips 19 

Key  to  the  species 19 

Description  of  new  species 20 

Cryptothrips  salicis 20 

Genus  Phlceothrips 21 

Key  to  the  species 21 

Description  of  new  species 21 

Phlceothrips  jennei 21 

Phlceothrips  armiger 23 


96757—15 


III 


IV  MISCELLANEOUS   PAPERS. 

An  internal  parasite  of  Thysanoptera H.  M.  Russell. . 

Introduction 

History  of  the  discovery 

Classification  and  original  description 

Life-history  summary  of  the  original  host  (Heliothrips  fasciatus  Pergande). . 

Methods  of  collecting  for  evidence  of  parasitism 

Methods  of  rearing  parasites  for  life-history  study 

Stage  of  thrips  showing  parasitism 

Appearance  of  parasitized  prepupae 

Behavior  of  parasitized  thrips 

Time  between  first  indication  of  parasitism  and  formation  of  parasite  pupae 

under  laboratory  conditions 

Effect  of  cold  on  parasitized  prepupae 

The  pupa  of  the  parasite 

Formation 

Description 

Length  of  pupal  stage 

Effect  of  cold  on  pupal  stage 

The  adult  parasite 

Emergence 

Description  of  newly  emerged,  live  adult 

Relation  and  proportion  of  sexes 

Parthenogenesis 

Method  and  period  of  oviposition 

Habits  in  the  open 

Effect  of  oviposition  in  different  stages  of  host 

Number  of  eggs  and  length  of  oviposition  period 

Double  parasitism 

Activity 

Flight.. 

Sighl 

Behavior  on  different  kinds  of  leaf  surfaces 

Host  relations 

Il<  Hothrips fcuciatus  Pergande 

Thrips  tabaci  Lindenian 

Euthrips  tritici  Fitch 

Heliothrips  hvmorrhoidalis  Bouche 

Heliothrips  femoralis  Reuter 

Miscellaneous  observations 

Summary  of  experiments  to  determine  host  relations 

Length  of  life  in  confinement 

Causes  of  mortality  in  the  open • 

Effect  of  oviposition  in  different  ages  of  host  larvae 

Life  history 

Length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  first  indication  of  parasitism 

Length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  pupation  of  the  parasite 

Length  of  life  cycle 

First  appearance  in  the  spring 

Last  appearance  in  the  fall 

Number  of  generations 

Hibernation 

Occurrence 

Distribution 

Percentage  of  parasitism  in  different  localities 

Means  of  colonizing  the  parasite 

Index 


LUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate  I.  Fig.  1. — JEolothrips  nasturtii:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 4 

2. — JEolothrips  nasturtii:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 4 

3. — JEolothrips  nasturii:  Right  antenna  of  female 4 

4. — JEolothrips  nasturtii:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 4 

5. — Thrips  femoralis:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female. 4 

6. —  Thrips  femoralis:  Left  antenna  of  female 4 

7. —  Thrips  femoralis:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 4 

8. —  Thrips  femoralis:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 4 

II.  Fig.  1. — Sericothrips  apteris:  End  of  abdomen  of  male 8 

2.— Sericothrips  albus:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 8 

3.— Sericothrips  albus:  Right  antenna  of  female 8 

4. — Sericothrips  albus:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 8 

5. — Sericothrips  albus:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 8 

6. — Sericothrips  moultoni:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 8 

7. — Sericothrips  moultoni:  Right  antenna  of  female 8 

8. — Sericothrips  moultoni:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 8 

9. — Sericothrips  moultoni:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 8 

III.  Fig.  1. — Limothrips  setarise:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 8 

2. — Limothrips  setarise:  Left  antenna  of  female 8 

3. — Limothrips  setarise:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 8 

4. — Limothrips  setarise:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 8 

5. — Limothrips  setarise:  End  of  abdomen  of  male 8 

6. — Euthrips  longirostrum:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 8 

7. — Euthrips  longirostrum:  Left  antenna  of  female 8 

8. — Euthrips  longirostrum:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 8 

9. — Euthrips  longirostrum:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 8 

IV.  Fig.  1. — Euthrips  costalis:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 16 

2. — Euthrips  costalis:  Right  antenna  of  female 16 

3. — Euthrips  costalis:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 16 

4. — Euthrips  costalis:  End  of  abdomen  of  female ' 16 

5.— Anaphothrips  albus:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 16 

6. — Anaphothrips  albus:  Right  antenna  of  female 16 

7. — Anaphothrips  albus:  Right  fore  wing  of  female 16 

8. — Anaphothrips  albus:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 16 

V.  Fig.  1. — Anthothrips  nigricornis:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 20 

2. — Anthothrips  nigricornis:  Right  antenna  of  female 20 

3. — Anthothrips  nigricornis:  Left  fore  leg  of  male 20 

4. — Anthothrips  nigricornis:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 20 

5. — Anthothrips  flavipes:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 20 

6. — Anthothrips  flavipes:  Right  antenna  of  female 20 

7. — Anthothrips  flavipes:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 20 

v 


VI  MISCELLANEOUS   PAPERS. 

Page. 

Plate  VI.  Fig.  1. — Cryptothrips  salicis:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 20 

2. — Cryptothrips  salicis:  Left  antenna  of  female 20 

3. — Cryptothrips  salicis:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 20 

4. — Phloeothrips  jennei:  Head  and  prothorax  of  female 20 

5. — Phloeothrips  jennei:  Right  antenna  of  female •    20 

6. — Phloeothrips  jennei:  End  of  abdomen  of  female 20 

VII.  Fig.  1. — Phloeothrips  armiger:  Head  and  prothorax  of  male 20 

2. — Phloeothrips  armiger:  Right  antenna  of  male 20 

3. — Phloeothrips  armiger:  Left  fore  leg  of  male 20 

4. — Phloeothrips  armiger:  End  of  abdomen  of  male 20 

TEXT   FIGURES. 

Fig.  1.  Vials  used  for  the  study  of  thrips  parasites 29 

2.  Cage  for  rearing  parasites 30 

3.  Parasitized  prepupse  of  Eeliothrips  fasciatus 31 

4.  Diagram  illustrating  length  of  time  from  appearance  of  parasitism  to 

formation  of  parasite  pupa?  of  Thripoctenus  russelli,  July-October, 

1911 32 

5.  Thripoctenus  russelli:  Pupa,  ventral  view 33 

6.  Diagram  illustrating  length  of  pupal  stage  in  146  individuals  of  Thripoc- 

tenus russelli 34 

7.  Thripoctenus  ru88t  Id:  Adult 35 

8.  Diagram  illustrating  Length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  first  evidence  of 

parasitism  for  353  individuals  of  Thripoctenus  russelli 47 

9.  Diagram  illustrating  length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  pupation  for 

241  individuals  of  Thripoctenus  russelli 48 

10.  Diagram  illustrating  total  number  of  days  in  the  life  cycle  of  Thripoc- 
tenus russelli;  summary  of  all  rearing  experiments 49 

1 1     Mailing  tubes  used  in  shipment  of  thrips  parasites 51 


INDEX. 

JEolothrips —  Page 

bicolor  in  key  to  species 

fasciatus  in  key  to  species 

key  to  species 

kuwanaii  in  key  to  species 

longiceps  in  key  to  species 

nasturtii  in  key  to  species 

nasturtii  new  species,  description 2-3 

vespiformis  in  key  to  species 1 

JZseulus  calif ornica — 

food  plant  of  Euihrips  costalis 14 

food  plant  of  Limothrips  setarix 9 

Anaphothrips — 

albus  in  key  to  species 15 

albus  new  species,  description 16-17 

key  to  species 14-15 

longipcnnis  in  key  to  species 15 

obscurus  in  key  to  species,  Anaphothrips  striatus  a  synonym 14 

ruthveni  in  key  to  species 15 

tricolor  in  key  to  species 15 

zese,  female  short-winged  form,  and  male,  description 15-16 

zex  in  key  to  species 15 

Anthothrips — 

aculeatus,  resemblance  of  Anthothrips  flavipes  thereto 19 

flavipes  in  key  to  species 17 

flavipes  new  species,  description 18-19 

key  to  species 17 

niger  in  key  to  species 17 

nigricornis  in  key  to  species 17 

nigricornis  new  species,  description 17-18 

variabilis  in  key  to  species 17 

verbasci  in  key  to  species 17 

Aphis  brassicx,  not  host  of  Thripoctenus  russelli 43 

Aptinothrips  rufus,  resemblance  of  A  naphothrips  zex  thereto 15 

Bean,  lima,  Thripoctenus  russelli  found  on  leaf : 48 

Buckeye,  California.     (See  JEsculus  calif  ornica.) 

Cabbage  aphis.     (See  Aphis  brassies 

Colonizing  thrips  parasite,  Thripoctenus  russelli,  means 51-52 

Cress,  water.     (See  Nasturtium  officinale.) 

Cryptothrips — 

angustus,  resemblance  of  Cryptothrips  salicis  thereto 21 

californicus  in  key  to  species 19 

carbonarius  in  key  to  species 19 

key  to  species 19 

rectangularis  in  key  to  species 19 

salicis  in  key  to  species 19 

salicis,  new  species,  description 20-21 

Elderberry.     (See  Sambucus  sp.) 

96757—15 2  53 


54  MISCELLANEOUS   PAPERS. 

I'age. 

Eriogonum  nudum,  food  plant  of  Anthothrips  nigricomis 18 

Euthrips — 

albus  in  key  to  species 10 

cephalicus  in  key  to  species 11 

cephalicus  var.  reticulatus  in  key  to  species 11 

citri  in  key  to  species 10 

costalis  in  key  to  species 10 

costalis,  new  species,  description 13—14 

ehrhornii  in  key  to  species 11 

ehrhornii,  male,  description 12 

fuscus  in  key  to  species 11 

hclianthi  in  key  to  species 11 

insularis  in  key  to  species 11 

key  to  species 10-12 

longipen  n  is  in  key  to  species 10 

longirostrum  in  key  to  species 11 

longirostrum,  new  species,  descripl ion 12-13 

minutus  in  key  to  species 11 

nervosus  in  key  to  species 11 

occidentalis  in  key  to  species 12 

orchidii  in  key  to  species 10 

pyri  in  key  to  species 10 

tritici,  host  of  ThripocU  nus  russelli 30,  32,  37,  42,  43 

tritici  in  key  to  species 12 

tritici  var.  californicw  in  key  to  species 12 

ulicis  californicus  in  key  to  species 11 

Goldenrod.      3eejS   lidagoep.) 

Grass — 

food  plants  of  Sericothrij>,s  apU  ris (> 

green  foxtail.     (SeeSetaria  viridis.) 

1 h  I  vol  hr  ips — 

fasciatus.  host  of  Thripoctenus  russelli 25,  26, 27, 

28,  30,  32,  30,  37,  38, 41,  43,  48,  49,  50 

fasciatus,  life-history  summary 28 

fasciatus  on  Nicotiana  glauca 48 

femoralis,  host  of  Thripoctenus  russelli,  experiments 42^13 

h;t  morrhoidalis,  host  of  Thripoctenus  russi  Hi.  experiments 42, 44 

Jonos.  Paul  R..  paper,  "Some  New  California  and  Georgia  Thysanoptera"  ..  1-24 

Lactam  8cariola,  Thripoctenus  russelli  found  on  leaf 48 

Laurel  leaf  gall,  food  of  Phhrothrips  armiger 24 

Limothrips — 

an  n;i  =  Limothrips  cerealium 8,  9 

cerealium  in  key  to  species.  Limothrips  avenx  a  synonym 8 

key  to  species 8 

setarix  in  key  to  species 8 

setaria\  new  species,  description 8-10 

Lupine,  perennial — 

food  plant  of  Euthrips  longirostrum 12-13 

food  plant  of  Sericothrips  moultoni 8 

Mimulus  sp..  food  plant  of  Anaphothrips  albus 17 

Monkey  flower.     (See  Mimulus  sp.) 

Nasturtium  officinale,  food  plant  of  Molothrips  nasturtii 3 

Nicotiana  glauca,  food  plant  of  Heliotkrips  fasciatus 48 


INDEX.  55 

Page. 

Oats,  wild,  food  plant  of  Limothrips  setarix 9 

Olive  thrips.     (See  Phlceothrips  olex.) 

Parthenogenesis  in  Thripoctenus  russelli 35-36 

Peach,  food  plant  of  Phlceothrips  jennei 22 

Pezomaehvs  thripites,  parasite  of  thrips  on  wheat 25 

Phlceothrips — 

armiger  in  key  to  species 21 

armiger,  new  species,  description 23-24 

jennei  in  key  to  species 21 

jennei,  new  species,  description 21-22 

key  to  species 21 

maculatus  in  key  to  species 21 

minor,  resemblance  of  Phlocothrips  jennei  thereto 22 

olex,  chalcidid  parasite  thereof 25 

pergandei  in  key  to  species 21 

raptor  in  key  to  species 21 

uzeli  in  key  to  species 21 

Rearing  and  studying  thrips  parasites,  methods 28-29 

Russell,  H.  M..  paper,  "'An  Internal  Parasite  of  Thysanoptera  " 25-52 

Sambucus  sp.,  food  plant  of  Sericothrips  albas : 7 

Scirtothrips — 

ruthveni= Ana pho thrips   ruthveni 15 

status  of  genus 15 

Sericothrips — 

albus  in  key  to  species 5 

albus.  new  species,  description 6-7 

apteris  in  key  to  species 5 

apteris,  male,  description 6 

dngulatus  in  key  to  species 5 

key  to  species 5 

moultoni  in  key  to  species 5 

moultoni,  new  species,  description 7-8 

pulchellus  in  key  to  species 5 

reticularis  in  key  to  species 5 

stanfordii  in  key  to  species 5 

variabilis  in  key  to  species 5 

Setaria  viridis,  food  plant  of  Limothrips  setarix 9 

Solidago  sp. ,  food  plant  of  Thrips  femoralis 5 

Sonchus  oleraceus,  food  plant  of  bean  thrips 48 

Sonchus  oleraceus,  Thripoctenus  russelli  found  on  leaf 48 

Spider  web,  Thripoctenus  russelli  caught  therein 44 

Tetranychus? ,  oviposition  therein  by  Thripoctenus  russelli  in  experiment 43 

Tetrastichus  gentilii,  parasite  of  Phlceothrips  olex 25-26 

Thripoctenus  russelli — 

activity 39-40 

adult,  emergence 33-34 

adult,  newly  emerged,  description 34 

appearance  of  thrips  prepupae  parasitized  thereby 30 

behavior  of  parasitized  thrips 31 

behavior  on  different  kinds  of  leaf  surfaces 40-41 

causes  of  mortality  in  the  open 44 

classification 27-28 

colonization,  means 51-52 


56  MISCELLANEOUS   PAPEES. 

Thripoctenus  russelli — Continued.  Page. 

description,  original 27-28 

distribu  tion 48-49 

effect  of  cold  on  prepupae  of  thrips  parasitized  thereby 31 

effect  of  oviposition  in  different  ages  of  host  larva? 44 

eggs,  number 38-39 

first  appearance  in  spring 47 

flight 40 

generations,  number 47 

habits  in  open 38 

hibernation 47-48 

history  of  discovery 26-27 

host  relations 41-43 

last  appearance  in  fall 47 

length  of  life  cycle 46-47 

length  of  life  in  confinement 43^14 

length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  first  indication  of  parasitism 45 

length  of  time  from  oviposition  to  pupation  of  parasite 45 

life  cycle,  length 46^7 

life  history 44^18 

life-history  summary  of  original  host,  Ileliothrips  fasciatus 28 

methods  of  collecting  thrips  for  evidence  of  parasitism 28-29 

occi;  rrence 48 

oviposition,  effect  in  different  stages  of  host 38 

oviposition  method  and  period 36-37 

oviposition  period,  length 38-39 

paper 25-52 

parasitism,  double 39 

parasitism,  percentage 49-50 

parthenogenesis 35-36 

pupa,  description 32 

pupa,  formation 31-32 

pupal  stage,  effect  of  cold  thereon 33 

pupal  stage,  length 33 

rearing  methods  for  life-history  study 29-30 

sexes,  relation  and  proportion 35 

sight 40 

stage  of  thrips  showing  parasitism  thereby 30 

time  between  first  indication  of  parasitism  and  formation  of  parasite  pupae 

tinder  laboratory  conditions 31 

Thrips— 

(See  also  Thysanoptera.) 

abdominalis  in  key  to  species 4 

appearance  of  prepupae  parasitized  by  Thripoctenus  russelli 30 

bean,  on  Souchus  oleraceus 48 

behavior  of  those  parasitized  by  Thripoctenus  russelli 31 

bremntrii  in  key  to  species 4 

double  parasitism  by  Thripoctenus  russelli 39 

effect  of  cold  on  prepupae  parasitized  by  Thripoctenus  russelli 31 

effect  of  oviposition  by  Thripoctenus  russelli  in  different  ages 44 

effect  of  oviposition  by  Thripoctenus  russelli  in  different  stages 38 

femoralis  in  key  to  species 4 

femoralis,  new  species,  description 4-5 

key  to  species 3-4 


INDEX.  57 

Thrips — Continued.  Page. 

madronii  in  key  to  species 3 

magnus  in  key  to  species 3 

parasite,  Thripoctenus  russelli,  means  of  colonization 51-52 

perplexus  in  key  to  species 4 

stage  showing  parasitism  by  Thripoctenus  nisselli 30 

tabaci,  host  of  Thripoctenus  russelli 30,  32,  37,  38,  39,  41,  43,  46,  48 

tabaci  in  key  to  species 4 

time  between  first  indication  of  parasitism  by  Thripoctenus  russelli  and 

formation  of  parasite  pupap  under  laboratory  conditions 31 

Thysanoptera — 

an  internal  parasite,  paper 25-52 

new,  from  California  and  Georgia,  paper 1-24 

Trichothrips  n.  sp..  not  host  of  Thripoctenus  russelli  in  experiments 43 

Triphleps  insidiosus — 

enemy  of  Thripocten us  russelli 44 

in  experiment  with  Thripoctenus  russelli 43 

Turnips,  Thripoctenus  russelli  found  on  foliage 48 

Willow  galls,  food  of  Cryptothrips  salicis 21 

Winnemana 27 


O 


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